Rini na Acid, rini kai tsaye da rini masu amsawa duk rini ne masu narkewar ruwa. Abubuwan da aka fitar a shekarar 2001 sun kai ton 30,000, ton 20,000 da tan 45,000, bi da bi. To sai dai kuma, tun da dadewa, masana'antun kasarmu sun fi mai da hankali kan bunkasa da bincike kan sabbin rini, yayin da bincike kan yadda ake sarrafa rini ya kasance mai rauni. Common Standardization reagents ga ruwa mai narkewa dyes hada sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate), dextrin, sitaci Kalam, sucrose, urea, naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, da dai sauransu Wadannan standardization reagents suna gauraye da asali fenti a gwargwado don samun karfin da ake bukata Kayayyakin. amma ba za su iya biyan buƙatun hanyoyin bugu da rini daban-daban a cikin masana'antar bugu da rini ba. Duk da cewa abubuwan da aka ambata a sama suna da ƙarancin tsada, amma ba su da ɗanɗano da ƙarancin ruwa, yana da wahala a daidaita da bukatun kasuwannin duniya kuma ana iya fitar da su kawai a matsayin rini na asali. Sabili da haka, a cikin tallace-tallace na rini mai narkewa da ruwa, daɗaɗɗen ruwa da ruwa na dyes sune batutuwan da ke buƙatar warwarewa cikin gaggawa, kuma dole ne a dogara da abubuwan da suka dace.

Rini jiyya
Magana mai faɗi, jika shine maye gurbin wani ruwa (ya kamata ya zama iskar gas) a saman da wani ruwa. Musamman, foda ko granular dubawa ya kamata ya zama gas / m dubawa, da kuma aiwatar da wetting ne a lokacin da ruwa (ruwa) maye gurbin gas a saman na barbashi. Ana iya ganin cewa wetting tsari ne na jiki tsakanin abubuwa a saman. A cikin rini bayan jiyya, jiyya sau da yawa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Gabaɗaya, ana sarrafa rini zuwa ƙaƙƙarfan yanayi, kamar foda ko granule, wanda ke buƙatar jika yayin amfani. Sabili da haka, rashin ruwa na rini zai shafi tasirin aikace-aikacen kai tsaye. Alal misali, a lokacin aikin rushewa, rini yana da wuya a jika kuma yana iyo a kan ruwa ba a so. Tare da ci gaba da ci gaba da buƙatun ingancin rini a yau, aikin wetting ya zama ɗaya daga cikin alamomi don auna ingancin rini. The surface makamashi na ruwa ne 72.75mN/m a 20 ℃, wanda rage tare da karuwa da zazzabi, yayin da surface makamashi na daskararru ne m canzawa, kullum kasa 100mN / m. Yawanci karafa da oxides, inorganic salts, da dai sauransu suna da sauƙin jika Rigar, wanda ake kira makamashi mai girma. The surface makamashi na m Organics da polymers ne kwatankwacin da na general ruwaye, wanda ake kira low surface makamashi, amma ya canza tare da m barbashi size da mataki na porosity. Karami da girman barbashi, mafi girma da mataki na porous samuwar, da kuma saman The mafi girma da makamashi, girman dogara a kan substrate. Saboda haka, girman barbashi na rini dole ne ƙarami. Bayan da aka sarrafa rini ta hanyar kasuwanci kamar fitar da gishiri da niƙa a cikin kafofin watsa labaru daban-daban, girman barbashi na rini ya zama mafi kyau, ƙarancin crystallinity ya ragu, kuma lokaci na crystal yana canzawa, wanda ke inganta yanayin makamashi na rini kuma yana sauƙaƙe jiko.

Solubility magani na acid rini
Tare da yin amfani da ƙaramin rabo na wanka da ci gaba da fasahar rini, matakin sarrafa kansa a cikin bugu da rini ya ci gaba da inganta. Fitowar filla-filla da fastoci ta atomatik, da gabatarwar dyes na ruwa suna buƙatar shirye-shiryen babban taro mai ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi da bugu da bugu. Duk da haka, mai narkewar dyes acidic, reactive da kai tsaye a cikin samfuran rini na gida shine kawai 100g/L, musamman ga rini na acid. Wasu nau'ikan ma sun kai kusan 20g/l. Solubility na rini yana da alaƙa da tsarin kwayoyin halitta na rini. Mafi girman nauyin kwayoyin halitta da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin sulfonic acid, ƙananan solubility; in ba haka ba, mafi girma. Bugu da ƙari, sarrafa kayan rini na kasuwanci yana da mahimmanci, ciki har da hanyar crystallization na rini, digiri na nika, girman barbashi, ƙari na additives, da dai sauransu, wanda zai shafi narkewar rini. Mafi sauƙin rini shine ionize, mafi girma da narkewa cikin ruwa. Duk da haka, tallace-tallace da daidaitawa na rini na gargajiya sun dogara ne akan adadi mai yawa na electrolytes, irin su sodium sulfate da gishiri. Yawancin Na + a cikin ruwa yana rage narkewar rini a cikin ruwa. Saboda haka, don inganta narkewar dyes masu narkewa na ruwa, da farko kada ku ƙara electrolyte zuwa rini na kasuwanci.

Additives da solubility
⑴ Barasa mahadi da urea cosolvent
Saboda rini mai narkewar ruwa sun ƙunshi adadin adadin ƙungiyoyin sulfonic acid da ƙungiyoyin carboxylic acid, ƙwayoyin rini suna cikin sauƙin rabuwa a cikin maganin ruwa kuma suna ɗaukar wani adadin ƙarancin cajin. Lokacin da aka ƙara daɗaɗɗen da ke ɗauke da ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen, an samar da wani shinge mai kariya na ions masu ruwa a saman ions ɗin rini, wanda ke inganta ionization da rushewar kwayoyin rini don inganta narkewa. Polyols irin su diethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, da sauransu ana amfani da su azaman ƙarin kaushi don rini mai narkewar ruwa. Domin za su iya samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tare da rini, fuskar ion ɗin ta samar da wani nau'i mai kariya na ions mai ruwa, wanda ke hana haɗuwa da haɗin gwiwa na kwayoyin rini, kuma yana inganta ionization da rarrabawar rini.
⑵ Non-ionic surfactant
Ƙara wani nau'in surfactant maras ionic zuwa rini na iya raunana karfin daurin tsakanin kwayoyin rini da tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, hanzarta ionization, kuma ya sa kwayoyin rini su zama micelles a cikin ruwa, wanda ke da kyau watsawa. Rini na Polar suna samar da micelles. Kwayoyin solubilizing suna samar da hanyar sadarwa na daidaitawa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta don inganta solubility, kamar polyoxyethylene ether ko ester. Duk da haka, idan co-solvent molecule rasa karfi hydrophobic kungiyar, watsawa da solubilization sakamako a kan micelle kafa ta rini zai zama mai rauni, da kuma solubility ba zai ƙara muhimmanci. Sabili da haka, yi ƙoƙarin zaɓar abubuwan kaushi da ke ɗauke da zoben aromatic waɗanda zasu iya samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrophobic tare da dyes. Misali, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, da sauransu irin su polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ Lignosulfonate dispersant
dispersant yana da babban tasiri a kan solubility na rini. Zaɓin mai rarraba mai kyau bisa ga tsarin launi zai taimaka sosai don inganta narkewar launi. A cikin rini masu narkewar ruwa, yana taka wata rawa wajen hana tallan juna (van der Waals force) da tarawa tsakanin kwayoyin rini. Lignosulfonate shine mafi inganci mai rarrabawa, kuma akwai bincike akan hakan a China.
Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na tarwatsa dyes ba ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu karfi na hydrophilic, amma kawai ƙungiyoyin polar marasa ƙarfi, don haka yana da raunin hydrophilicity kawai, kuma ainihin solubility yana da ƙananan. Yawancin rini na tarwatsewa na iya narkewa a cikin ruwa kawai a 25 ℃. 1 zuwa 10mg/L.
Solubility na tarwatsa rini yana da alaƙa da abubuwa masu zuwa:
Tsarin Kwayoyin Halitta
“Rashin narkewar rini a cikin ruwa yana ƙaruwa yayin da ɓangaren hydrophobic na ƙwayoyin rini ya ragu kuma ɓangaren hydrophilic (mai inganci da adadin ƙungiyoyin polar) yana ƙaruwa. Wato, solubility na dyes tare da ƙananan ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta kamar -OH da -NH2 za su kasance mafi girma. Rini masu girma da yawa na kwayoyin halitta da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin polar marasa ƙarfi suna da ƙarancin narkewa. Misali, Watsawa Red (I), ta M=321, da solubility ne kasa da 0.1mg/L a 25 ℃, da solubility ne 1.2mg/L a 80 ℃. Watsa Red (II), M=352, solubility a 25 ℃ ne 7.1mg/L, da solubility a 80 ℃ ne 240mg/L.
Watsewa
A cikin foda tarwatsa dyes, da abun ciki na tsarki dyes ne kullum 40% zuwa 60%, da sauran su ne dispersants, dustproof jamiái, m jamiái, sodium sulfate, da dai sauransu. Daga cikin su, dispersant lissafin ga mafi girma rabo.
Mai watsawa (wakilin watsawa) na iya shafa ƙwaya mai kyau na rini zuwa barbashi na colloidal hydrophilic kuma ya watsar da shi cikin ruwa. Bayan an ƙetare ƙwayar micelle mai mahimmanci, za a kuma samar da miceles, wanda zai rage wani ɓangare na ƙananan ƙwayar kristal ɗin rini. Narkar da a cikin micelles, abin da ake kira "solubilization" abu yana faruwa, ta haka yana ƙara haɓakar launi. Bugu da ƙari, mafi kyawun ingancin mai rarrabawa kuma mafi girman ƙaddamarwa, mafi girman tasirin solubilization da solubilization.
Ya kamata a lura cewa tasirin solubilization na dispersant akan tarwatsa dyes na sassa daban-daban ya bambanta, kuma bambancin yana da girma; Sakamakon solubilization na dispersant akan tarwatsa dyes yana raguwa tare da karuwar zafin ruwa, wanda yayi daidai da tasirin zafin ruwa akan tarwatsa dyes. Tasirin solubility ya sabawa.
Bayan hydrophobic crystal barbashi na watsar da rini da dispersant form hydrophilic colloidal barbashi, ta watsawa kwanciyar hankali za a muhimmanci inganta. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan ɓangarorin colloidal rini suna taka rawar "samar da" rini yayin aikin rini. Domin bayan ƙwayoyin rini a cikin yanayin da aka narkar da fiber ɗin sun shafe ta, za a saki rini "ajiya" a cikin ƙwayoyin colloidal a cikin lokaci don kula da ma'auni na rushewar rini.
Yanayin tarwatsa rini a cikin tarwatsewa
1-wasu kwayoyin halitta
2-Dye crystallite (solubilization)
3-masu tarwatsewa
4-Dye guda kwayoyin halitta (narkar da)
5-Dye hatsi
6-mai rarraba lipophilic tushe
7-mai rarraba hydrophilic tushe
8-sodium ion (Na+)
9-aggregates na rini crystallites
Duk da haka, idan "haɗin kai" tsakanin rini da mai rarraba ya yi girma sosai, "samar" na kwayoyin rini ɗaya zai ragu a baya ko kuma abin da ake kira "sayarwa ya wuce bukatar". Saboda haka, kai tsaye zai rage yawan rini da daidaita yawan rini, wanda zai haifar da jinkirin rini da launi mai haske.
Ana iya ganin cewa lokacin zabar da amfani da masu rarrabawa, ba wai kawai kwanciyar hankali na tarwatsawa ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi ba, har ma da tasiri akan launi na launi.
(3) zafin maganin rini
Solubility na tarwatsa dyes a cikin ruwa yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar zafin ruwa. Misali, iya narkewar Rawaya a cikin ruwa 80°C shine sau 18 wanda yake a 25°C. Solubility na Dissperse Red a cikin ruwa 80 ° C shine sau 33 wanda yake a 25 ° C. Solubility na Dissperse Blue a cikin ruwa 80 ° C shine sau 37 wanda yake a 25 ° C. Idan zafin ruwa ya wuce 100 ° C, solubility na tarwatsa dyes zai ƙara ƙara.
Anan akwai tunatarwa ta musamman: wannan kayan narkar da kayan rini na tarwatsa za su kawo haɗarin ɓoye ga aikace-aikace masu amfani. Misali, lokacin da aka yi zafi da rini ba tare da daidaito ba, ruwan rini mai yawan zafin jiki yana kwarara zuwa wurin da zafin jiki ya yi ƙasa. Yayin da zafin ruwa ya ragu, ruwan giya ya zama mai girma, kuma rini da aka narkar za ta yi hazo, yana haifar da haɓakar hatsin kristal rini da raguwar solubility. , Sakamakon rage yawan rini.
(hudu) nau'in rini crystal
Wasu rini na tarwatsa suna da sabon abu na "isomorphism". Wato, rini na tarwatsa iri ɗaya, saboda fasahar watsawa daban-daban a cikin tsarin masana'anta, zai samar da nau'ikan crystal da yawa, kamar allura, sanduna, flakes, granules, da tubalan. A cikin aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen, musamman lokacin rini a 130 ° C, mafi ƙarancin kristal zai canza zuwa mafi tsayayyen siffar crystal.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa mafi tsayayyen nau'in kristal yana da mafi girman solubility, kuma ƙarancin ƙarancin kristal yana da ƙarancin solubility. Wannan zai shafi kai tsaye ƙimar rini da yawan rini.
(5) Girman barbashi
Gabaɗaya, dyes tare da ƙananan barbashi suna da babban solubility da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau. Rini tare da manyan barbashi suna da ƙananan solubility kuma in mun gwada rashin kwanciyar hankali tarwatsawa.
A halin yanzu, girman barbashi na dyes na gida gabaɗaya 0.5 ~ 2.0μm (Lura: girman ƙwayar tsoma yana buƙatar 0.5 ~ 1.0μm).