Rini mai ɗauke da sinadarin acid, rini mai ɗauke da sinadarai kai tsaye da kuma rini mai amsawa duk rini ne mai narkewa cikin ruwa. Sakamakon da aka samu a shekarar 2001 ya kai tan 30,000, tan 20,000 da tan 45,000, bi da bi. Duk da haka, na dogon lokaci, kamfanonin rini na ƙasata sun fi mai da hankali kan haɓakawa da bincike kan sabbin rini na tsari, yayin da binciken da aka yi kan rini bayan an sarrafa shi ya kasance mai rauni. Rini mai ɗauke da sinadarai masu daidaita sinadarai da ake amfani da su a yau da kullum don rini mai narkewa cikin ruwa sun haɗa da sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate), dextrin, sitaci, sucrose, urea, naphthalene formaldehyde sulfonate, da sauransu. Waɗannan rini mai daidaita sinadarai an haɗa su da rini na asali gwargwadon ƙarfin da ake buƙata. Kayayyaki, amma ba za su iya biyan buƙatun hanyoyin bugawa da rini daban-daban a masana'antar bugawa da rini ba. Duk da cewa rini mai ɗauke da sinadarai masu rage zafi da aka ambata a sama ba su da tsada sosai, suna da ƙarancin danshi da kuma narkewar ruwa, wanda hakan ke sa ya yi wuya a daidaita da buƙatun kasuwar duniya kuma ana iya fitar da su ne kawai a matsayin rini na asali. Saboda haka, a fannin tallata rini masu narkewar ruwa, rashin danshi da kuma rashin narkewar ruwa na rini matsaloli ne da ke buƙatar a warware su cikin gaggawa, kuma dole ne a dogara da ƙarin da suka dace.

Maganin rini da ruwa
A takaice dai, jika abu ne da ake maye gurbin ruwa (ya kamata ya zama iskar gas) a saman ruwa da wani ruwa. Musamman ma, haɗin foda ko granular ya kamata ya zama haɗin gas/solid, kuma tsarin jika abu ne da ruwa (ruwa) ke maye gurbin iskar gas da ke saman barbashi. Ana iya ganin cewa jika abu ne na zahiri tsakanin abubuwa a saman ruwa. A cikin rini bayan magani, jika sau da yawa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Gabaɗaya, ana sarrafa rini zuwa yanayi mai tauri, kamar foda ko granule, wanda ke buƙatar a jika shi yayin amfani. Saboda haka, ƙarfin rini zai shafi tasirin aikace-aikacen kai tsaye. Misali, a lokacin narkewa, rini yana da wahalar jika kuma yana shawagi a kan ruwa ba a so. Tare da ci gaba da inganta buƙatun ingancin rini a yau, aikin jika ya zama ɗaya daga cikin alamun auna ingancin rini. Ƙarfin saman ruwa shine 72.75mN/m a 20℃, wanda ke raguwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin jiki, yayin da ƙarfin saman daskararru ba ya canzawa, gabaɗaya ƙasa da 100mN/m. Yawanci karafa da oxides ɗinsu, gishirin da ba na halitta ba, da sauransu suna da sauƙin jika. Jikewa, wanda ake kira babban kuzarin saman. Ƙarfin saman abubuwa masu ƙarfi da polymers yana kama da na ruwa na gabaɗaya, wanda ake kira ƙarancin kuzarin saman, amma yana canzawa tare da girman ƙwayoyin halitta da matakin porosity. Ƙaramin girman ƙwayoyin halitta, mafi girman samuwar ramuka, da kuma saman. Mafi girman kuzari, girman ya dogara da substrate. Saboda haka, dole ne girman ƙwayoyin halitta na rini ya zama ƙarami. Bayan an sarrafa rini ta hanyar sarrafa kasuwanci kamar fitar da gishiri da niƙa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, girman ƙwayoyin halitta na rini ya zama ƙarami, ƙimar lu'ulu'u ta ragu, kuma yanayin lu'ulu'u ya canza, wanda ke inganta ƙarfin saman rini kuma yana sauƙaƙa jikewa.

Maganin narkewar rini na acid
Tare da amfani da ƙaramin rabo na wanka da fasahar rini mai ci gaba, an ci gaba da inganta matakin sarrafa kansa a bugu da rini. Fitowar cikawa da manna ta atomatik, da kuma gabatar da rini mai ruwa-ruwa yana buƙatar shirya ruwan rini mai yawan taro da kwanciyar hankali. Duk da haka, narkewar rini mai acidic, mai amsawa da kai tsaye a cikin kayayyakin rini na gida kusan 100g/L ne kawai, musamman ga rini mai acid. Wasu nau'ikan ma kusan 20g/L ne kawai. Narkewar rini yana da alaƙa da tsarin kwayoyin halittar rini. Mafi girman nauyin kwayoyin halitta da ƙarancin rukunin sulfonic acid, ƙarancin narkewa; in ba haka ba, mafi girma. Bugu da ƙari, sarrafa rini na kasuwanci yana da matuƙar mahimmanci, gami da hanyar lu'ulu'u na rini, matakin niƙa, girman barbashi, ƙara ƙarin abubuwa, da sauransu, wanda zai shafi narkewar rini. Da sauƙin rini ya zama ionize, mafi girman narkewarsa a cikin ruwa. Duk da haka, tallatawa da daidaita rini na gargajiya sun dogara ne akan adadi mai yawa na electrolytes, kamar sodium sulfate da gishiri. Yawan Na+ a cikin ruwa yana rage narkewar rini a cikin ruwa. Saboda haka, don inganta narkewar rini masu narkewa cikin ruwa, da farko kada a ƙara electrolyte a cikin rini na kasuwanci.

Ƙari da narkewa
⑴ Maganin barasa da urea mai narkewa
Saboda rini masu narkewar ruwa suna ɗauke da takamaiman adadin rukunin sulfonic acid da ƙungiyoyin carboxylic acid, ƙwayoyin rini suna rabuwa cikin sauƙi a cikin ruwan da ke cikin ruwan kuma suna ɗauke da wani adadin caji mara kyau. Lokacin da aka ƙara sinadarin haɗin gwiwa wanda ke ɗauke da rukunin samar da hydrogen bond, ana samar da wani Layer mai kariya na ions masu narkewa a saman ions ɗin rini, wanda ke haɓaka ionization da wargaza ƙwayoyin rini don inganta narkewar su. Ana amfani da polyols kamar diethylene glycol ether, thiodiethanol, polyethylene glycol, da sauransu a matsayin ƙarin sinadarai don rini masu narkewar ruwa. Saboda suna iya samar da haɗin hydrogen tare da rini, saman ion ɗin rini yana samar da Layer mai kariya na ions masu narkewa, wanda ke hana haɗuwa da hulɗar ƙwayoyin rini tsakanin ƙwayoyin rini, kuma yana haɓaka ionization da wargaza rini.
⑵Mai hana ruwa mai hana ruwa
Ƙara wani abu mai kama da surfactant mara ionic zuwa rini zai iya raunana ƙarfin ɗaurewa tsakanin ƙwayoyin rini da tsakanin ƙwayoyin, yana hanzarta ionization, kuma yana sa ƙwayoyin rini su samar da micelles a cikin ruwa, wanda ke da kyakkyawan watsewa. Rinjin polar suna samar da micelles. Kwayoyin da ke narkewa suna samar da hanyar sadarwa ta daidaitawa tsakanin ƙwayoyin don inganta narkewa, kamar polyoxyethylene ether ko ester. Duk da haka, idan ƙwayar da ke haɗuwa ba ta da ƙarfin hydrophobic, tasirin watsawa da narkewa akan micelles da rini ya samar zai yi rauni, kuma narkewar ba zai ƙaru sosai ba. Saboda haka, yi ƙoƙarin zaɓar sinadaran da ke ɗauke da zoben aromatic waɗanda za su iya samar da haɗin hydrophobic tare da rini. Misali, alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan ester emulsifier, da sauransu kamar polyalkylphenylphenol polyoxyethylene ether.
⑶ Lignosulfonate dispersant
Mai watsawa yana da tasiri sosai kan yadda rini ke narkewa. Zaɓar mai watsawa mai kyau bisa ga tsarin rini zai taimaka sosai wajen inganta narkewar rini. A cikin rini masu narkewar ruwa, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hana shaye-shaye tsakanin kwayoyin rini (ƙarfin van der Waals) da haɗuwa tsakanin ƙwayoyin rini. Lignosulfonate shine mafi ingancin mai watsawa, kuma akwai bincike kan wannan a China.
Tsarin kwayoyin halitta na rini mai warwatse bai ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic masu ƙarfi ba, sai dai ƙungiyoyin polar masu rauni ne kawai, don haka yana da rauni kawai na hydrophilicity, kuma ainihin narkewar yana da ƙanƙanta sosai. Yawancin rini mai warwatse za su iya narkewa ne kawai a cikin ruwa a zafin ℃ 25. 1 ~ 10mg/L.
Narkewar rini mai warwatse yana da alaƙa da waɗannan abubuwan:
Tsarin Kwayoyin Halitta
"Rinin da ke warwatse a cikin ruwa yana ƙaruwa yayin da ɓangaren hydrophobic na ƙwayar rini ke raguwa kuma ɓangaren hydrophilic (inganci da adadin ƙungiyoyin polar) yana ƙaruwa. Wato, narkewar rini tare da ƙaramin nauyin kwayoyin halitta da kuma ƙungiyoyin polar mafi rauni kamar -OH da -NH2 zai fi girma. Rini masu babban nauyin kwayoyin halitta da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin polar masu rauni suna da ƙarancin narkewa. Misali, Warwatse Ja (I), M=321, narkewar ya ƙasa da 0.1mg/L a 25℃, kuma narkewar ya kai 1.2mg/L a 80℃. Warwatse Ja (II), M=352, narkewar a 25℃ shine 7.1mg/L, kuma narkewar a 80℃ shine 240mg/L.
Mai watsawa
A cikin rini mai warwatsewa na foda, yawan rini mai tsabta gabaɗaya yana tsakanin kashi 40% zuwa 60%, sauran kuma su ne masu warwatsewa, masu hana ƙura, masu kariya, sodium sulfate, da sauransu. Daga cikinsu, mai warwatsewa ya fi yawa.
Mai watsawa (wakilin watsawa) zai iya shafa ƙananan ƙwayoyin lu'ulu'u na rini zuwa ƙwayoyin colloidal masu ruwa-ruwa sannan ya warwatsa su cikin ruwa. Bayan an wuce mahimmancin yawan micelle, za a samar da micelles, wanda zai rage wani ɓangare na ƙananan ƙwayoyin lu'ulu'u masu launi. Idan aka narke a cikin micelles, abin da ake kira "warkewa" yana faruwa, ta haka yana ƙara narkewar rini. Bugu da ƙari, ingancin mai watsawa da kuma yawan maida hankali, mafi girman tasirin narkewa da narkewa.
Ya kamata a lura cewa tasirin narkewar ruwa na mai watsawa akan rini mai watsawa na tsari daban-daban ya bambanta, kuma bambancin yana da girma sosai; tasirin narkewar ruwa na mai watsawa akan rini mai watsawa yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin ruwa, wanda yayi daidai da tasirin zafin ruwa akan rini mai watsawa. Tasirin narkewa akasin haka ne.
Bayan ƙwayoyin lu'ulu'u masu kama da hydrophobic na rini mai watsawa da kuma masu watsawa sun samar da ƙwayoyin colloidal masu kama da hydrophilic, kwanciyar hankalin watsawa zai inganta sosai. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan ƙwayoyin colloidal masu launin suna taka rawar "bayar da" rini yayin aikin rini. Domin bayan ƙwayoyin rini a cikin yanayin narkewa sun sha zare, rini da aka "ajiye" a cikin ƙwayoyin colloidal za a sake shi akan lokaci don kiyaye daidaiton rushewar rini.
Yanayin rini mai watsawa a cikin watsawa
1-ƙwayar mai rarrabawa kwayoyin halitta
Gilashin lu'ulu'u mai launi 2 (mai narkewa)
Micelle mai rarrabawa guda 3
Kwayar rini guda 4 (wanda aka narkar)
5-Hatsin rini
Tushen lipophilic mai rarrabawa guda 6
Tushen ruwa mai rarrabawa guda 7
ion sodium 8 (Na+)
Tarin lu'ulu'u 9 masu launi
Duk da haka, idan "haɗin kai" tsakanin rini da mai wargaza ya yi yawa, "wadatar" kwayar rini ɗaya za ta tsaya cak ko kuma abin da ya faru na "wadatar ta wuce buƙata". Saboda haka, zai rage yawan rini kai tsaye kuma ya daidaita kason rini, wanda ke haifar da rini a hankali da launin haske.
Ana iya ganin cewa lokacin zaɓe da amfani da masu rarrabawa, ba wai kawai ya kamata a yi la'akari da daidaiton watsawa na rini ba, har ma da tasirin da zai yi kan launin rini.
(3) Zafin ruwan rini
Narkewar rini a cikin ruwa yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwar zafin ruwa. Misali, narkewar rini a cikin ruwan 80°C sau 18 fiye da na 25°C sau 18. Narkewar rini a cikin ruwan 80°C sau 33 fiye da na 25°C sau 33. Narkewar rini a cikin ruwan 80°C sau 37 fiye da na 25°C sau 37. Idan zafin ruwan ya wuce 100°C, narkewar rini a cikin ruwan zai ƙara ƙaruwa.
Ga wata tunatarwa ta musamman: wannan siffa ta narkewar rini mai warwatse zai kawo ɓoyayyun haɗari ga aikace-aikacen da ake amfani da su. Misali, lokacin da aka dumama ruwan rini ba daidai ba, ruwan rini mai zafi mai yawa yana kwarara zuwa wurin da zafin ya yi ƙasa. Yayin da zafin ruwa ke raguwa, ruwan rini yana cika sosai, kuma rini mai narkewa zai yi ta busawa, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar ƙwayoyin rini da raguwar narkewar ruwa. , Wanda ke haifar da raguwar shan rini.
(huɗu) siffar lu'ulu'u mai launi
Wasu rini masu warwatse suna da abin da ake kira "isomorphism". Wato, rini iri ɗaya, saboda fasahar warwatse daban-daban a cikin tsarin ƙera, zai samar da siffofi da yawa na lu'ulu'u, kamar allurai, sanduna, flakes, granules, da tubalan. A cikin tsarin aikace-aikacen, musamman lokacin rini a 130°C, yanayin lu'ulu'u mai rashin daidaituwa zai canza zuwa siffar lu'ulu'u mai ƙarfi.
Ya kamata a lura cewa siffar lu'ulu'u mai ƙarfi tana da ƙarfin narkewa mafi girma, kuma siffar lu'ulu'u mai ƙarancin ƙarfi tana da ƙarancin narkewa. Wannan zai shafi ƙimar shan rini da kashi na shan rini kai tsaye.
(5) Girman ƙwayoyin cuta
Gabaɗaya, rini mai ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta yana da ƙarfin narkewa da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau. Rini mai manyan ƙwayoyin cuta yana da ƙarancin narkewa da rashin kwanciyar hankali mai kyau.
A halin yanzu, girman barbashi na rini na warwatse a cikin gida gabaɗaya shine 0.5 ~ 2.0μm (Lura: girman barbashi na rini na tsoma yana buƙatar 0.5 ~ 1.0μm).