Halin da ake ciki yanzu: masana'antun harhada magunguna sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan hada magunguna, magungunan halittu da na magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, kuma samar da su yana da halaye iri-iri na kayayyaki, matakai masu sarkakiya da ma'aunin samar da kayayyaki daban-daban.
Ruwan dattin da aka samar ta hanyar magunguna yana da halaye na yawan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, hadaddun abubuwan da aka gyara, rashin lafiyar biodegradability da yawan guba na halitta.
Haɗin sinadarai da fermentation samar da ruwan sha shine wahala da mahimmin batu a cikin sarrafa gurɓatar da masana'antar harhada magunguna.
Haɗin sinadarai ruwan sharar ruwa babban gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu ne da ake fitarwa yayin samar da magunguna [2].
Ruwan sharar magunguna na iya kasu kusan kashi hudu [3], watau ruwan sharar gida da ruwan uwa a cikin aikin samarwa;
Ragowar ruwa a cikin farfadowa ya haɗa da sauran ƙarfi, ruwan da ake buƙata, samfur, da sauransu.
Magudanar ruwa na taimako kamar ruwan sanyi, da sauransu.
Kayan aiki da ƙasa mai zubar da ruwa;
Najasar gida.
Fasaha don kula da ruwan sha na tsaka-tsaki na magunguna
Bisa la'akari da halaye na ruwan sha mai tsaka-tsaki na magunguna kamar babban COD, babban nitrogen, phosphorus mai girma, abun ciki na gishiri mai zurfi, chroma mai zurfi, hadaddun abun da ke ciki da rashin lafiyar biodegradability, hanyoyin da ake amfani da su na jiyya sun haɗa da maganin physicochemical da tsarin jiyya na biochemical [6].
Dangane da nau'ikan ingancin ruwan sharar gida daban-daban, za a kuma yi amfani da jerin hanyoyin kamar haɗewar tsarin sinadarai da tsarin halitta [7].
Hoton
1. Fasahar jiyya da sinadarai
A halin yanzu, manyan hanyoyin jiyya na jiki da na sinadarai don samar da ruwan sharar magunguna sun haɗa da: Hanyar flotation gas, hanyar zubar da ruwa, hanyar adsorption, hanyar juyawa osmosis, hanyar ƙonawa da ci gaba da tsarin iskar oxygen [8].
Bugu da kari, ana amfani da electrolysis da hanyoyin hazo na sinadarai, kamar FE-C micro-electrolysis da hanyoyin hazo na MAP don kawar da nitrogen da phosphorus, a cikin maganin tsaka-tsakin ruwa na magunguna.
1.1 Hanyar coagulation da lalata
Tsarin coagulation wani tsari ne wanda ɓangarorin da aka dakatar da ƙwayoyin colloidal a cikin ruwa suna canza su zuwa yanayin rashin kwanciyar hankali ta hanyar ƙara abubuwan sinadarai sannan a haɗa su zuwa flocs ko flocs waɗanda ke da sauƙin rabuwa.
A halin yanzu, galibi ana amfani da wannan fasaha a cikin riga-kafi, tsaka-tsakin jiyya da ci gaba da kula da ruwan sharar magunguna [10].
Fasaha na coagulation da sedimentation yana da abũbuwan amfãni daga balagagge fasaha, sauki kayan aiki, barga aiki da kuma dace kiyaye.
Duk da haka, za a yi babban adadin sludge na sinadarai da aka samar yayin aiwatar da wannan fasaha, wanda zai haifar da ƙananan pH na datti da kuma yawan gishiri mai yawa na ruwan datti.
Bugu da kari, fasahar coagulation da sedimentation ba za su iya kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan datti ba yadda ya kamata, kuma ba za ta iya kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu ba.
1.2 Hanyar hazo sinadarai
Hanyar hazo sinadarai hanya ce ta sinadarai don kawar da gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwa ta hanyar sinadarai tsakanin masu narkewar sinadarai da gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan datti don samar da gishiri mara narkewa, hydroxides ko hadaddun mahadi.
Matsakaicin ruwan sha na magunguna yakan ƙunshi babban taro na nitrogen ammonia, phosphate da sulfate ions, da dai sauransu. Don irin wannan nau'in ruwan sha, ana amfani da hanyar hazo na sinadarai sau da yawa don gyaran jiki da sinadarai don tabbatar da aiki na yau da kullun na tsarin jiyya na biochemical na gaba.
A matsayin fasahar maganin ruwa na gargajiya, ana amfani da hazo na sinadarai don sassauta ruwan datti.
Sakamakon amfani da albarkatun sinadarai masu tsafta a cikin samar da ruwa na tsaka-tsaki na magunguna, ruwan datti yakan ƙunshi babban taro na nitrogen ammonia da phosphorus da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa, ta yin amfani da hanyar hazo sinadarai na magnesium ammonium phosphate na iya kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa guda biyu daidai. lokaci, ana iya sake yin amfani da hazo gishirin magnesium ammonium phosphate da aka samar.
Magnesium ammonium phosphate hanyar hazo sinadarai kuma ana kiranta hanyar struvite.
A cikin tsarin samar da magungunan magunguna, ana amfani da yawan adadin sulfuric acid sau da yawa a wasu tarurrukan, kuma pH na wannan ɓangaren na ruwa na iya zama ƙasa. Domin inganta darajar pH na ruwa mai datti da kuma cire wasu ions sulfate a lokaci guda, ana amfani da hanyar ƙara CaO sau da yawa, wanda ake kira hanyar hazo sinadarai na gaggawar lalata.
1.3 adsorption
Ka'idar kawar da gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan datti ta hanyar adsorption na nufin yin amfani da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta don haɗa wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa ko iri-iri a cikin ruwan datti, ta yadda za a iya cire gurɓataccen ruwa ko sake yin fa'ida.
Adsorbents da aka fi amfani da su sun haɗa da irin su ash gardama, slag, carbon da aka kunna da resin adsorption, waɗanda aka fi amfani da carbon da aka kunna.
1.4 iska yawo
Hanyar iyo ta iska hanya ce ta gyaran ruwa wadda ake amfani da ƙananan kumfa masu tarwatse sosai a matsayin masu ɗaukar abubuwa don samar da mannewa ga gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan datti. Saboda yawan ƙananan kumfa da ke manne da gurɓataccen abu bai kai na ruwa ba kuma suna iyo sama, an sami rabuwar ruwa mai ƙarfi ko ruwa.
Siffofin shawagi na iska sun haɗa da narkar da yawo da iska, da iska mai iska, shawagi na iska na electrolysis da shawagi na iska, da sauransu.
Hanyar flotation ta iska tana da fa'idodi na ƙananan saka hannun jari, tsari mai sauƙi, kulawa mai dacewa da ƙarancin amfani da makamashi, amma ba zai iya kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan sha ba yadda ya kamata.
1.5 electrolysis
Tsarin Electrolytic shine amfani da rawar da ake takawa a halin yanzu, samar da jerin halayen sinadarai, yana canza gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan sha kuma an cire shi, ƙa'idar amsawar tsarin electrolytic ya faru a cikin maganin electrolyte ta hanyar kayan lantarki da halayen lantarki, haifar da sabon yanayin muhalli. Oxygen muhalli da hydrogen [H] da gurɓataccen ruwan sha na REDOX yana haifar da kawar da gurɓataccen abu.
Hanyar electrolysis yana da babban inganci da aiki mai sauƙi a cikin jiyya na ruwa. A lokaci guda kuma, hanyar electrolysis na iya kawar da abubuwa masu launi a cikin ruwa mai kyau da kyau kuma inganta haɓakaccen ruwa na ruwa.
Hoton
2. Advanced oxidation fasaha
Fasahar haɓakar iskar oxygen ta ci gaba, a matsayin sabuwar fasahar kula da ruwa, tana da fa'idodi da yawa, kamar haɓakar haɓakar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, ƙarin ƙazamin ƙazanta da iskar shaka na gurɓataccen abu kuma babu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu.
Advanced Oxidation fasaha, kuma aka sani da zurfin hadawan abu da iskar shaka fasahar, fasaha ce ta jiki da kuma sinadaran magani da ke amfani da oxidizer, haske, wutar lantarki, sauti, Magnetic da kuma kara kuzari don samar da sosai aiki free radicals (kamar ·OH) don kaskantar da refractory Organic pollutants.
A fagen kula da ruwan sha da magunguna, fasahar iskar oxygen ta ci gaba ta zama abin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan babban bincike da kulawa.
Advanced hadawan abu da iskar shaka fasahar yafi hada da electrochemical hadawan abu da iskar shaka, sinadaran hadawan abu da iskar shaka, ultrasonic hadawan abu da iskar shaka, rigar catalytic hadawan abu da iskar shaka iskar shaka, photocatalytic hadawan abu da iskar shaka, hadawan abu da iskar shaka iskar shaka, supercritical ruwa hadawan abu da iskar shaka da hadawan abu da iskar shaka hada da fasaha.
Hanyar hadawan abu da iskar shaka shine yin amfani da jami'an sinadarai da kansu ko kuma a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi tare da iskar oxygen mai ƙarfi don oxidize gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwan datti don cimma manufar kawar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, hanyoyin oxidation na sinadarai gami da iskar oxygen da iskar oxygen, Hanyar iskar oxygen ta Fenton da kuma hanyar oxidation mai rigar catalytic.
2.1 Fenton oxidation tsari
Hanyar oxidation na Fenton wani nau'i ne na ci gaba da hadawan abu da iskar shaka hanyar da ake amfani da ita a yanzu. Wannan hanyar tana amfani da gishiri na ferric (Fe2+ ko Fe3+) azaman mai haɓaka don samar da · OH tare da iskar oxygen mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙara H2O2, wanda zai iya samun amsawar iskar shaka tare da gurɓataccen yanayi ba tare da zaɓin zaɓi ba don cimma lalata da ma'adinai na gurɓataccen abu.
Wannan hanya yana da fa'idodi da yawa, gami da saurin amsawa da sauri, babu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da iskar shaka mai ƙarfi, da sauransu. guba na ruwan sha da sauran halaye.
2.2 Hanyar oxidation na Electrochemical
Hanyar oxidation na Electrochemical shine yin amfani da kayan lantarki don samar da superoxide free radical · O2 da hydroxyl free radical · OH, dukansu suna da babban aiki na oxygen, suna iya oxidize kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwa mai tsabta, sa'an nan kuma cimma manufar kawar da gurɓataccen abu.
Duk da haka, wannan hanya tana da halaye na yawan amfani da makamashi da tsada.
2.3 Photocatalytic oxidation
Photocatalytic oxidation fasaha ce mai ingantacciyar hanyar magani a fasahar sarrafa ruwa, wacce ke amfani da kayan haɓakawa (kamar TiO2, SrO2, WO3, SnO2, da sauransu) azaman masu ɗaukar hoto don aiwatar da iskar oxygen na mafi yawan rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin ruwa mai datti, kamar yadda yake. don cimma manufar kawar da gurɓataccen abu.
Saboda yawancin mahadi da ke cikin ruwan sharar magunguna sune abubuwan polar tare da ƙungiyoyin acidic ko abubuwan polar tare da rukunin alkaline, irin waɗannan abubuwan na iya lalata su kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ta hanyar haske.
2.4 Ruwan iskar shaka mai mahimmanci
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) wani nau'i ne na fasahar maganin ruwa wanda ke ɗaukar ruwa a matsayin matsakaici kuma yana amfani da halaye na musamman na ruwa a cikin yanayin supercritical don inganta ƙimar amsawa da kuma gane cikakken iskar shaka na kwayoyin halitta.
2.5 Advanced oxidation hade fasaha
Kowace fasahar oxidation ta ci gaba tana amfani da nasu iyakoki, don inganta ingantaccen aikin kula da ruwan sha, an haɗa jerin fasahohin ci-gaba na oxidation tare, sun samar da haɗin fasahar fasahar oxidation na ci gaba, ko fasahar oxidation guda ɗaya ta haɓaka tare da sauran fasahohin zuwa sababbi. fasaha don inganta ƙarfin iskar oxygen da tasirin magani da kuma saduwa da sauye-sauyen ingancin ruwa a cikin babban maganin sharar gida na magunguna.
UV-Fenton, UV-H2O2, UV-O3, ultrasonic photocatalysis, kunna carbon photocatalysis, microwave photocatalysis da photocatalysis, da dai sauransu A halin yanzu, mafi yadu nazarin ozone hade fasahar ne [36]:
Ozone kunna carbon tsari, O3-H2O2 da UV-O3, daga jiyya sakamakon refractory sharar gida da kuma aikin injiniya aikace-aikace, O3-H2O2 da UV-O3 da mafi girma ci gaban m.
Tsarin haɗin Fenton na gama gari ya haɗa da hanyar Fenton micro-electrolysis, hanyar H2O2 filings baƙin ƙarfe, hanyar Fenton photochemical (kamar hanyar Fenton ta hasken rana, hanyar UV-Fenton, da sauransu), amma ana amfani da hanyar Fenton na lantarki sosai.
Hoton
3. Fasahar jiyya na Biochemical
Fasahar jiyya na biochemical ita ce babbar fasaha a cikin kula da ruwa, ta hanyar haɓakar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, metabolism, haifuwa da sauran matakai don lalata kwayoyin halitta a cikin ruwan datti, samun makamashin da ake bukata da kuma cimma manufar kawar da kwayoyin halitta.
3.1 Fasahar jiyya na nazarin halittu anaerobic
Fasahar jiyya ta ilimin halitta anaerobic shine in babu yanayin oxygen na kwayoyin halitta, amfani da kwayoyin cutar anaerobic metabolism, ta hanyar tsarin hydrolytic acidification, samar da hydrogen acetic acid da samar da methane da sauran matakai don canza macromolecules, da wahala a lalata kwayoyin halitta zuwa CH4, CO2. , H2O da ƙananan kwayoyin halitta kwayoyin halitta.
Ruwan sharar magunguna na roba sau da yawa yana ƙunshe da adadi mai yawa na sinadarai masu hana ruwa gudu, waɗanda ba za a iya lalata su kai tsaye da amfani da su ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta ba, don haka fasahar jiyya ta anaerobic na yanzu ta zama babbar hanyar da ake amfani da ita a fagen maganin sharar magunguna a gida da waje [43]. .
Fasahar kula da ilimin halitta na anaerobic yana da fa'idodi da yawa: tsarin aikin reactor anaerobic baya buƙatar samar da iska, amfani da makamashi yana da ƙasa;
Nauyin kwayoyin halitta na ruwan tasirin anaerobic gabaɗaya yana da girma.
Ƙananan bukatun abinci;
Yawan sludge na reactor anaerobic yana da ƙasa, kuma sludge yana da sauƙin bushewa.
Methane da aka samar a cikin tsarin anaerobic ana iya sake yin amfani da shi azaman makamashi.
Duk da haka, ba za a iya fitar da dattin anaerobic ba har zuwa daidaitattun, kuma yana buƙatar ƙarin magani ta hanyar haɗawa da wasu matakai. Koyaya, fasahar jiyya na anaerobic yana kula da ƙimar pH, zazzabi da sauran dalilai. Idan jujjuyawar ya yi girma, za a shafa tasirin anaerobic kai tsaye, sa'an nan kuma za a shafa ingancin mai.
3.2 Fasahar jiyya na nazarin halittu ta Aerobic
Fasahar kula da halittu ta Aerobic fasaha ce ta nazarin halittu da ke amfani da bazuwar oxidative da haɗakar ƙwayoyin cuta don cire ƙazantattun kwayoyin halitta. A lokacin girma da metabolism na kwayoyin aerobic, za a gudanar da babban adadin haifuwa, wanda zai haifar da sabon sludge mai kunnawa. Za a fitar da sludge ɗin da ya wuce kima ta hanyar saura sludge, kuma za a tsarkake ruwan datti a lokaci guda.

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